Long Point Environmental Folio, Chapter 5 J.G. Nelson and K.L. Wilcox, Editors, 1996

Local Economies of the Long Point Area*

Steven Wilcox

*This chapter is largely derived from Wilcox, S.A. (1994) "Local Economies of the Long Point Area" Long Point Environmental Folio Series. Working Paper #5. Heritage Resources Centre. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Natural Resource Use

In the Long Point area, there are five main kinds of natural resource use: sport and commercial fishing; waterfowl hunting; naturalist activities; extractive industries such as natural gas; and, forestry. Here the focus is on the first three aspects. Extractive industry and forestry are not discussed in a detailed manner because they are perceived as having relatively little effect on the core of the Long Point area, i.e., on the peninsula itself and nearby areas on the mainland.

Extractive industries in the general vicinity of the Long Point area are associated with three major minerals: gypsum, natural gas, and aggregates (sand, gravel and stone). Gypsum mines are located at the extreme edge of the Long Point area near Hagersville and Caledonia, and do not have a large affect upon the economy of places closer to the Long Point peninsula. Although the Haldimand-Norfolk area has large reserves and produces significant quantities of gas, the majority of the proceeds leave the area and do not directly affect the local economy. The aggregate industry is not yet important in the Long Point core area, with the closest "pits" being in the Delhi area.

Approximately 18%, or 131,657 acres (52,663 hectares) of Haldimand-Norfolk? total area remains forested (RMHN, 1989). In 1989, employment in forestry and logging accounted for less than one percent of Haldimand Norfolk's employment base, with much of this employment being in the form of reforestation, planting and conservation activities (RMHN, 1989). A variety of products including woodchips, fuelwood, maple syrup and hardwood timber are produced by the industry. Approximately 17 million board feet are cut per year with an estimated production value of $8 million for the entire region (RMHN, 1989).

The only sawmill in the local area is a small operation located near Forestville. Other sawmills are located outside of the local area near Courtland, Port Burwell, Port Dover and Orwell. Although a number of landowners in the Long Point area may be practising forestry in their woodlots, it is difficult to determine the economic significance of these activities since the wood may be used by the landowner, or transported out of the area. The other aspect of forestry that is significant in the Long Point area in terms of employment is the St. Williams Forestry Station. Although it is located at the edge of the study area, a number of residents are employed (i.e., 10 full time and 6 seasonal in 1995).

Sport Fishery

The summer sport fishery at Long Point has expanded considerably since the Second World War. Long Point Bay is one of the few areas on Lake Erie that is suitable for a small-boat recreational fishery. In 1976, the Ministry of Natural Resources indicated the Inner Bay and Long Point Bay had the potential for 383,000 angler-days per year, 318,000 in the Inner Bay and 65,000 in Long Point Bay. More recently, Sztramko (1991; 1992) indicated that 35 and 42 percent of the angling effort for Lake Erie in 1990 and 1991 was concentrated in Long Point waters.

Sport fishing occurs throughout the Inner Bay (Figure 1), with Northern Pike and Largemouth Bass often being caught in the weed beds along the emergent marshes, and Smallmouth Bass being caught in the channels and along sandbars. A summer fishery for salmonoids and Walleye also operates in the deep waters off the tip of Long Point. This fishery is serviced by marinas in the Inner Bay, and at Turkey Point. When winter conditions result in the Inner Bay being frozen, ice fishing occurs along the entire north shore. Yellow Perch and Crappie are the primary species caught with some Northern Pike also being taken.

In 1993, Ministry of Natural Resources staff estimated the impact of anglers by dividing the number of angler hours by the number of days in which angling occurs. In general, a typical angler day is assumed to be 4.7 to 5.0 hours long. The number of angler days is then multiplied by an assumed expenditure of $25.00 per day to determine the economic impact of anglers in the area (Stramko personal communication, 1993). Using this method, the estimated average annual expenditures by anglers using the Inner Bay was $844,927. This value excludes expenditures on boats/equipment and the like. A more general estimate for the entire Long Point area was provided by Meleski (1972), with the value being estimated at approximately $3.7 million.

Figure 5.1 Location of Important Sport and Commericial Fishing Areas in the Long Point Area (Wilcox, 1994)

Commercial Fishery

The Haldimand-Norfolk commercial fishery operates primarily out of Port Dover and Port Maitland. Rainbow Smelt have consistently been the main species harvested from these ports. In 1988, smelt accounted for 89% of the total landings by weight and 53% of the total landing value. White Bass and Yellow Perch are next in importance, accounting for 8.3% of the total landings by weight and 35% of total landing value (Howe, 1993).

The Inner Bay also has an active commercial fishery with 19 licenses being held to operate hoop nets and seine nets during the early spring and fall (Howe, 1993). The licensed area surrounds the Inner Bay (Figure 1). According to Craig (1994), this fishery has operated in the Inner Bay for at least 120 years. Whillans (1979) indicated that seine operations peaked (in terms of fish harvest) between 1896 and 1905, with 15 to 17 seines being licensed in 1894 and 27 in 1906.

More recently, commercial harvesters have been permitted to fish 16 hoop nets and/or 400 yards of seine net per licence (Craig, 1994). Figure 2 outlines the weight and value of the commercial fishery catch from 1986 to 1992, while Table 1 outlines species harvested in order of average value and average weight.

Figure 5.2 Weight and Value of Commercial Fish from 1986 to 1992 (Adapted from Howe, 1993)

Figure 3 outlines trends in total weights harvested from 1986-1992 for the five most important species and groups of fish. Caution must be exercised when considering these trends since the amount of fish caught is directly related to the level of effort exerted by commercial harvesters. Levels of effort are externally influenced by such factors as price changes, weather conditions, or both. Craig (1994: 26) indicated that about 80% of the total harvest is sold on the live market. "Bowfin, Bullhead, Carp, Suckers, Pumpkinseed, Bluegill and sometimes Black Crappie, Rock Bass and Yellow Perch are transported live to pay-per-fish ponds in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Virginia and Kentucky States, with the remaining 20% being sold to local fish processors or American fish wholesalers' (see Appendix 1 for scientific names).

Figure 5.3 Trends in Weights of Important Commercial Fish Species HArvested from 1986 to 1992 (adapted from Howe, 1993)

As indicated in Figure 2, the value of the Inner Bay commercial fishery has fluctuated during 1986 to 1992 from $149,000 to $217,000 (Howe, 1993). The majority of the value from the Inner Bay commercial fishery is derived from one group and four species of fish: Mixed Panfish, Crappie, Bullhead, Yellow Perch and Northern Pike (Table 1).

Table 5.1 Species of Fish Harvested Commercially in Inner Long Point Bay in Order of Importance by Average Value and Average Weight from 1986 to 1992 (adapted from Howe, 1993)

Species $ Species (lbs)
Mixed Panfish 56415 Mixed Panfish 88699
Crappie 40430 Bullhead 63035
Bullhead 20838 Crappie 28641
Yellow Perch 21018 Bowfin 20374
Northern Pike 18771 Northern Pike 19963
Bowfin 7204 Sheepshead 11687
Catfish 2028 Yellow Perch 11102
Sheepshead 1790 Carp 10793
Carp 1500 Catfish 3160
Rockbass 1230 Rockbass 1230
Eel 418 Quillback 1282
White Perch 349 Suckers 915
Quillback 318 White Perch 754
Suckers 129 Eel 573
Turtles 82 Turtles 139
Mudpuppy 56 Mudpuppy 127

Waterfowl

Hunting Since the mid 1800's the Long Point area has been renowned as one of the better waterfowl hunting locations in southwestern Ontario. In this respect, the Long Point Company, as well as several other groups and organizations, own marsh property and maintain it for use mainly by members of their hunting clubs. In addition some deer hunting has occurred on the peninsula, with Turkey and small game such as squirrels and rabbits being hunted on the mainland.

A number of areas are open to the public for waterfowl hunting. Of these areas the largest is the Long Point Waterfowl Management Unit, with others including the Lee Brown Marsh, the Hahn Marsh, and portions of the Big Creek Marsh. The locations of waterfowl hunt clubs and hunting areas in the Long Point area are illustrated on Figure 4. The Long Point Waterfowl Management Unit is jointly operated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters. They maintain a number of blinds in the marsh and during the last 14 years have accommodated from 2,458 to 3,810 hunters annually.

Figure 5.4 Location of Waterfowl Hunt Clubs and Hunting Areas in the Long Point Biosphere (adapted from Wilcox, 1994)

Information is limited on the economic importance of waterfowl hunting in the Long Point area. An estimate of the economic importance of hunters can be determined using the sport fishing estimation method and the number of hunters who visit the Crown Marsh Waterfowl Management unit. If each hunter is assumed to spend a "hunting-day" in the Long Point area and the number of hunting-days (3015) is multiplied by the same expenditure assumed for angling days ($25.00), a preliminary expenditure esti- mate of $75,375 (1992) for the Crown Marsh hunters can be generated.

Mallards appear to be the species of duck most often harvested by waterfowl hunters at the Crown Marsh, with the average number harvested annually from 1986 to 1992 being 2,007 (Table 2). Other species that are often harvested include Green-winged Teal, American Wigeon, American Black Duck and Ring-necked Duck. During this time period the numbers of ducks harvested has remained relatively constant.

Table 5.2 Species of Ducks Harvested by Waterfowl Hunters at the Long Point Crown Marsh in Order of Average Abundance, 1986 to 1992. Source: Ministry of Natural Resources Personal Communication.

Species of Waterfowl Average # Harvested
Mallard 2007
Green-winged Teal 539
American Wigeon 537
American Black duck 298
Ring-necked Duck 196
Canvasback 165
Redhead Duck 139
Gadwall 123
Lesser Scaup 97
Northern Pintail 92

Scientific names are in Appendix 1.

Naturalist Activities

Nature viewing and natural history excursions at Long Point are internationally renowned, with activities including birding, botany, and the viewing of butterflies, amphibians and reptiles. Significant nature viewing areas are found throughout the Long Point area (Figure 5). Of these areas, some, such as the Long Point Bird Observatory (LPBO) Old Cut Field Station, Wilson/Coppens Tract, Backus Woods, and Spooky Hollow, are more frequently visited than others.

In the Long Point area, the spring waterfowl and songbird migration and the fall waterfowl, hawk and songbird migration are of particular importance. During spring and fall, birds concentrate at a number of areas, offering nature viewing opportunities (Figure 5). Most significant of these areas for songbird viewing is the Old Cut Field Station, and the Wilson/Coppens Tract.

Figure 5.5 Significant Nature Viewing Areas in and Near the Long Point Biosphere (from Wilcox, 1994; adapted from Skevington, Collier, and Woodrow, 1990)

The number of naturalists that visit Long Point during the entire year can only be roughly estimated. Volunteers at the LPBO Old Cut Field Station estimate the number of people that visit their facilities and move through the adjacent woodlot looking for migrating birds. The estimated number of visitors over the last four years has been:

¥ 1989 - 2000

¥ 1990 - 4416

¥ 1991 - 3560

¥ 1992 - 3550 (Long Point Bird Observatory, Personal Communication )

The economic importance of naturalist activities within the Long Point Biosphere and nearby areas is poorly understood. (Wilcox (1995) has recently completed a study of Long Point bird watchers that quantifies their economic impact in detail). With the exception of Kreutzwiser (1979), no significant studies have been undertaken on the recreational significance of naturalist activities in the area. Kreutzwiser's study of bird and nature viewers, angling, waterfowl hunting and other wetland uses, indicated that a recreational value (in 1978 dollars) in excess of $122,000 was derived from the marshes, of which $76,000 was spent in the local area on items such as gas, food, and lodging. The significance of naturalist activities has likely increased since Kreutzwiser's 1977/78 study. Bird watching has become one of the fastest growing hobbies in North America (Kerlinger and Wiedner, 1992).

Assuming that the majority of the naturalists travelling to the Long Point Area visit the Long Point Bird Observatory Old Cut Field Station during their trip, and that each of these visitors (3,550) spends a "Birding-day"in the Long Point area, the number of birding days could then be multiplied by the same expenditure as assumed for an angling day, i.e., $25.00 per day. This would result in a preliminary estimate of $88,750 dollars being spent in the local area by birders during 1992. This expenditure estimate is open to debate. Some might argue that it is low, while others might argue that it is high. Hvenegaard et al. (1989) suggested that visitors to Point Pelee National Park on birding trips spent an average of $37.00 per day birding. Using this figure, birders visiting the Long Point area may have spent upwards of $131,350 during 1992.

Another indication of Long Point's significance to naturalists is provided by the operations of the Long Point Bird Observatory (LPBO). LPBO is a non-profit organization that operates largely through the efforts of volunteers. This organization has grown considerably over the years in terms of its professional reputation and economic impact on the local economy. The observatory is internationally renowned for its operations and in 1991 and 1992 had cash flows of $741,920 and $637,182 respectively.

Cottaging/Tourism/Retail

Cottaging/Tourism/Retail is probably the most important sector of the economy in the Long Point study area based on the number of people it employs or supports (data provided by the RMHN). In 1992 there were 1,232 cottages within the study area. Inner and Outer Long Point Bay are heavily used by anglers and recreational boaters. To service this recreational activity a number of marinas and trailer parks have been developed around Inner Long Point Bay and on the Turkey Point peninsula. Lawrence (1994) indicated that there were 2,800 boat slips in the area with 13 marina facilities, 20 boat launching facilities and approximately 1,500 trailer and campsites within 3 km of the shoreline.

Figure 5.6 Location of Cottage and Trailer Park Communities, Marina and Beaches in the Long Pont Area (from Wilcox, 1994)

Turkey Point and Long Point provincial parks are important for tourism. They offer camping, beach use and nature viewing opportunities. Currently there are 268 campsites at Long Point Provincial Park (MNR, 1989a) and 195 at Turkey Point Provincial Park (MNR, 1989b). Long Point Provincial Park had 125,730 visitors in 1995 and its revenue totalled $389,833 (Marchington, personal communication) and Turkey Point Provincial Park had 92,477 visitors in 1995 with a revenue of $189,486 (Postma, personal communication). Long Point and Turkey Point Provincial Parks are also important to the economy of the Long Point study area for employment. Long Point Park employed 26 people in 1995 -6 of which were special student positions, and Turkey Point Park employed 19 people in 1995, of which 13 were special student positions.

The number of marinas has increased since the late 1970's (RMHN 1993, personal communication). In 1977 there were eight marinas surrounding Inner Bay. This number increased to 11 in 1982 and has remained at 13 since 1987. The majority of the new marinas have been established along the North Shore of the Inner Bay (Photo 1). Trailer parks have also been established in conjunction with many of these marinas.

Cottagers, campers and trailer park users support a large amount of the retail activity in the vicinity of the Long Point peninsula and the Inner Bay area. This is reflected by the nodes of economic activity that have developed (Figure 6). To describe these nodes economically, a reconnaissance level survey of tourism-oriented businesses was completed in the Long Point area in June, 1993 (Wilcox, 1994). A business was defined as a visible or identifiable operation that appeared to be a separate unit. However, this does not rule out the possibility of one owner controlling several businesses.

The survey revealed 106 business operations concentrated in 14 nodes (Figure 7). These 106 businesses can be further subdivided according to the following seven types of service:

1) Boating; a business that depends on recreational boating,

2) Fishing; a business that focuses on Long Point's sport fishery,

3) Groceries/supplies; businesses selling unprepared food and/or other household supplies,

4) Restaurants/Food Stands; businesses that prepare and sell food,

5) Tourist retail; a retail store that focuses on seasonal customers,

6) Retail; a store that sells primarily to local consumers,

7) Accommodations; either motel/hotels or bed and breakfast establishments.

These sectors are not mutually exclusive. For example, a business with a focus towards boating may also be reliant on sport fishing.

Figure 5.7 Nodes of Retail Activity Surrounding Inner Long Point Bay and Travel Corridors (from Wilcox, 1994)

Phillips (1988) indicated that $48 million are spent by tourists in the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk. Although it is expected that many of these tourists visit the Long Point area, Phillips' study did not indicate the relative importance of different tourist related activities and did not indicate how areas within the Region differed, (e.g., the Long Point Area as compared to the Delhi area). Nonetheless, tourists are an important user group that contribute to economic productivity in the Regional Municipality.

Another measure of economic productivity is the number of building permits that are issued. Lawrence (1994) indicated that during the period 1980 to 1987, 734 building permit applications were issued for Long Point and Turkey Point. During this period the annual total nominal value of these building permits increased from $133,000 to a peak of $536,000 at Turkey Point and from $213,000 to $426,000 at Long Point.

In the Long Point area a third indicator of productivity is employment levels identified by the businesses which were surveyed in this study. Areas included in the business survey are shown in figure 8.

Figure 8 Areas included in the Business Survey at Long Point (Wilcox, 1994)

Figures 9 and 10 show the levels of part-time and full-time employmentindicated by 1993 business survey respondents in the four areas in the vicinity of Long Point. These figures indicate that businesses in the Port Rowan and Turkey Point areas employ relatively larger numbers of full-time staff, with the Long Point and North Shore areas being relatively similar. In regards to part-time employees, Port Rowan and Turkey Point again hire relatively larger numbers of part-time employees, followed by Long Point and finally the businesses located on the North Shore of Long Point Inner Bay. Figure 11 outlines the types of tourism related businesses that were identified by the survey respondents in the four study areas.

Figure 5.9 Number of Part time Employees in Businesses Surveyed in the Long Point Area Study (adapted from Wilcox, 1994)

Figure 5.10 Number of Full Time Employees in Tourism/Marina Oriented Businesses (Wilcox, 1994)

Figure 5.11 Diversity of Business Operations in the Long Point Area (Wilcox, 1994). Numbers refer to business types listed in Figure 7: 1) boating, 2) fishing, 3) groceries/supplies, 4) restaurants, 5) tourist retail, 6) retail, 7)accomodation)

Photo 5.1 Boat slips in Port Rowan (photographed by K. Beazley)

From these results, it is apparent that the Long Point and Turkey Point Communities have the greatest diversity of businesses, while the North shore had the lowest diversity of the tourism related businesses.

Agriculture

Until quite recently, Haldimand-Norfolk was predominantly an agricultural area. The DPA Group (1987) indicated that 60% of the area's population lived on farms in 1951 (Table 3). By 1986 this level had fallen to 15%. This decline reflects both a decline in the number of farms - from 6,027 in 1951 to 3,300 in 1986 - as well as a decline in employment growth in other sectors of the economy. Surrounding counties such as Brant, Elgin, Oxford and the Regional Municipalities of Niagara and Hamilton-Wentworth have experienced even more pronounced declines (DPA Group, 1987).

Table 5.3 Trends in Agricultural Land Use (1951-1986) for the Regional Municipality of Haldimand Norfolk (Source: HNRM Economic Base Study, 1984; 1989)

1951 1961 1971 1976 1981 1986 % Change (1951-86)
Number of Farms 6027 5381 4480 4019 3899 3300 -45.2
Total Farm Area (Acres) 623 799 607 663 575 675 552 467 557 477 522 205 -16.3
Average Farm Size (Acres) 103.5 112.9 128.5 137.5 143.0 158.0 +52.9
Total Farm Population 40 256 23 701 18 850 - 13 554 10 675 -73.5
Persons/Farm 6.7 4.4 4.2 - 3.5 3.2 -52.2

The crops grown in Haldimand-Norfolk are mostly tobacco and small grains (RMHN, 1989) with other crops and farm activities including dairy, beef and other livestock, and fruits and vegetables. In the immediate area to the north of Inner Long Point Bay and the Big Creek marsh, land uses are predominantly agricultural in nature (Yeung, 1993).

Over the last 40 years there has been a number of agricultural land use trends in the Haldimand-Norfolk Region. The RMHN (1989) identified these regional trends as follows:

~ number of farms declined by 45.2%; - the area of farmland in the region declined 16.3% from 1951 to 1986 (i.e., 623,799 to 522,205) in 1951 farmland represented 87% of the Region's total area, while in 1986 it only represented 72.7%.

~ average farm size increased from 103.5 acres in 1951 to 158 acres in 1986, an increase of 52.9%.

~ total farm population decreased from 40,256 in 1951 to 10,675 in 1986, a decline of 73.5%;

~ persons per farm decreased from 6.7 to 3.2.

A wide variety of crops are grown in the Long Point area which supports a farm economy that may be more diversified than some areas of Haldimand-Norfolk where crops are predominantly tobacco or small grains. Crops consist primarily of corn, soybeans, vegetables, mixed grains, tobacco and orchards, with the type of crop being influenced by the nature of the soils that are present. The soils immediately north of the Inner Bay and Big Creek are clay loam, while the soils immediately north of Turkey Point marsh and along Highway 24 are sandy (Stenson, 1993). This diversity of soil types helps explain the diversity of the crops that are being grown. Local processing of goods was not investigated.

Manufacturing

The manufacturing sector in the Region of Haldimand-Norfolk consists of a small number of externally controlled firms and a much larger number of locally controlled firms. The stability provided by locally controlled firms is extremely important to local economies. The majority of the manufacturing industries within the Region are small in size, employing less than 19 people (RMHN, 1989). A study by the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Technology (1987) suggested that locally-controlled firms typically contribute 60 to 90% of the net employment growth, but go unnoticed due to small increments in employment gain. In this respect, the DPA Group (1987) suggested that the best prospect for achieving a higher rate of economic growth is in stimulating the start up and expansion of locally controlled firms.

The RMHN (1989) indicated that approximately 22% of the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk? employment base was engaged in manufacturing at the time of the 1986 Federal Census. By 1989 this number had risen to almost 24% of the Region's employment base (Wilcox, 1994). Very little manufacturing activity however, occurs in the immediate vicinity of the Long Point area. The Township of Norfolk, for example, has the smallest number of manufacturing establishments and the lowest number of people employed in manufacturing of any of the towns or townships that make up the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk (Table 4). In the area near Long Point, only a small number of manufacturing establishments are present, with the majority of these businesses being located in Port Rowan. In 1992, only eight industrial properties were present. In previous years such as 1977, 1982 and 1987, there were only 7 industrial properties (RMHN, personal communication.).

Manufacturing industries do not appear to have a major impact upon Long Point's local economy relative to other activities such as tourism and recreational activities. It is important to note that manufacturing never appears to have been a major component in the local economies of the Long Point area, especially during recent years, although there is some evidence that it may have been slightly more important historically (Wilcox, 1993). Manufacturing activities do not appear to have directly affected the local Long Point area economy very much, but there is potential for indirect affects through increased numbers of people working in nearby areas such as the Nanticoke Industrial complex, located 20 km to the east (Photo 2).

Photo 5.2 TheNanticoke Complex (Photographed by K. Beazley)

The Nanticoke industrial complex consists of several industries including the Stelco Steel mill, Ontario Hydro Generating Station and Texaco Oil Refinery (now ESSO), which in 1988 employed 1,437, 597 and 322 people respectively (Serafin, 1989).

Table 5.4 Employment in Manufacturing, Haldimand-Norfolk, 1989 (Wilcox, 1994)

In addition to the Nanticoke industrial area, there are ten acres of vacant industrial land with water and sewer services in Port Rowan (RMHN, 1991) whose future development may affect the local economy.

Population

Population trends in the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk are shown on Figure 12. The Region has experienced a modest rate of growth since the mid 1970's of approximately 685 persons per annum (H-N Pulse, 1993). A comparison of population between 1987 and 1991 shows an increase of 2% per year. The Haldimand-Norfolk Pulse (1993) examined urban and rural population trends with the aid of the Ontario Assessment System Information. The findings indicate a long term trend toward a decrease in the rural proportion of the population, and a corresponding increase in the urban proportion. Between 1975 and 1992, the rural proportion of the Region's total population dropped from 58.6% to 53.9%.

Figure 5.12 Population Trends in Haldimand Norfolk (Source: H-N Pulse 1993)

Significance and Constraints

This summary of the local economies of the Long Point area has provided some indication of the relative magnitude of the various economic activities that occur in the local area. In the core of the Long Point area, cottaging, boating and retail are likely the most significant economic activities, while agriculture is the most significant in the buffer area to the north of the bay. The Natural Resource sector also generates significant economic activity in the core Long Point area. Of special significance is the recreational fishery with waterfowl hunting also being important and naturalist activities increasing in significance.

In certain cases these economic sectors are in conflict. One area of tension in the Long Point study area is the Turkey Point beach along Basin Street. The western portion of the Turkey Point Provincial Park beach, parallel to Basin Street, has been classified as a provincially significant wetland and attracts numerous nature viewers. Since it is a provincially significant wetland, MNR is obligated under the wetland policy act to retain this section of sedge meadows in a natural state. Local business owners in the Turkey Point community perceive their economic fortunes to be tied closely to visitor and resident beach use of this area. Thus, the notion that a section of beach should be set aside and allowed to assume a natural state antagonizes some members of the local business community. This has resulted in this section of the beach becoming a high conflict zone with the unauthorized cutting of the wetland vegetation by local property owners occurring on a regular basis.

Another area of concern occurs along the north shore of the Inner Bay where the expansion of the cottaging and tourism sector is resulting in wetland losses which could have adverse effects on sport and commercial fishing and nature viewing. The different uses of this area have been highly contested, with Ontario Municipal Board hearings being conducted since the mid 1980? (Lawrence 1994). These hearings have resulted in various outcomes, with some project approvals, other approvals with conditions attached, and some rejections.

Work Cited

Craig, B. 1994. Fisheries of Lake Erie and the Long Point Area: Past and Present Long Point Environmental Folio Series. (Nelson, J.G. and Lawrence, P.L. eds). Technical Paper 3. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

DPA Group Inc. 1987. Economic Outlook for the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk The DPA group in association with: M.M. Dillion Limited, Toronto, Ontario.

Howe, D. 1993. Report in Progress, Ministry of Natural Resources, Commercial Fisheries Unit, Port Dover, Ontario.

Hvenegaard, G.T., Butler, J.R, and Krystofiak, D.K. , 1989. "Economic Values of BIrd Watching at Point Pelee National PArk, Canada" Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:526-531

Kerlinger, P. and Wiedner D. 1992. "Birding Economics: or Birders Mean Big Bucks" Living Bird, Winter 1992 issue.

Kerlinger, P., and Brett, J. 1994. "Hawk Mountain Sanctuary: A Case Study of Birder Visitation and Birding Economics" In (Knight, R., and K. Gutziller eds). Wildlife and Recreationalists: Coexistence Through Management and Research In press, Island Press, Washington DC.

Kreutzweiser, R.D. 1979. Recreational Significance of the Long Point Marsh, Lake Erie Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.

Lawrence, P.L. 1994. Flooding and Erosion Hazards in the Long Point Area Long Point Environmental Folio Series. (Nelson, J.G. and Lawrence, P.L. eds). Working Paper 7. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Long Point Bird Observatory, 1993. Personal Communication.

Marchington, J. 1996. Personal Communication Park Superintendent, Long Point Provincial Park. Personal Communication.

McKeating, G.B., and Dewey, K. 1984. Management Plan: Big Creek National Wildlife Area Canadian Wildlife Service, London, Ontario.

Meliski, T. 1972. An Economic Evaluation of the Sport Fishery on Long Point Bay, Lake Erie Ministry of Natural Resource, Aylmer, Ontario.

Ministry of Industry, Trade and Technology. 1987. The State of Small Business Toronto, Ontario.

Ministry of Natural Resources. 1989a. Long Point Provincial Park Management Plan Queens Printer for Ontario, Ontario, Canada.

Ministry of Natural Resources. 1989b. Turkey Point Provincial Park Management Plan Queens Printer for Ontario, Ontario, Canada.

Ministry of Natural Resources. 1993. Personel Communication.

Phillips, T. 1988. Haldimand-Norfolk Tourism Strategy Economic Planning Group of Canada.

Postma, M. 1996. Personal Communication. Park Superintendent, Turkey Point Provincial Park.

Regional Municipality of Haldimand Norfolk. 1989. Economic Base Study 1989 Department of Planning and Development, Townsend, Ontario.

Regional Municipality of Haldimand Norfolk. 1993. H-N Pulse: Monitoring the Region of Haldimand-Norfolk Department of Planning and Economic Development, Townsend, Ontario.

Serafin, R. 1989. Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Protection: Research and Monitoring at the Nanticoke Industrial Complex on the North Shore of Lake Erie, Unpublished Report, School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Skevington, J., Collier, B., and Woodrow, T. 1990. A Birding Guide to the Long Point Area. Long Point Bird Observatory, Port Rowan, Ontario.

Statistics Canada, Census of Canada. 1951, 1971, 1981, 1991. Government of Canada Printers, Ottawa, Ontario.

Stenson, R. 1993. The Long Point Area: An Abiotic Perspective Long Point Environmental Folio Series. (Nelson, J.G. and Lawrence, P.L. eds). Technical Paper 2. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Sztramko, L. 1993. Personal Communication.

Sztramko, L. 1991. Lake Erie Aerial Creel Survey, 1990 Lake Erie Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 1991-9, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wheatley, Ontario.

Sztramko, L. 1992. Lake Erie Aerial Creel Survey, 1991 Lake Erie Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 1992-9, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wheatley, Ontario.

Warner, W.R. 1988. A Study of Shoreline Planning in Ontario: The Region of Haldimand-Norfolk BA Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London Ontario.

Whillans, T.H. 1979. "Response of Fish Communities to Stress: a Historical Study of Inner Bay, Long Point" Contact: Journal of Urban and Environmental Affairs 11(1): 1-18.

Wilcox, S.A. 1993. The Historical Economies of the Long Point Area, (Nelson, J.G. and Lawrence, P.L. eds). Long Point Environmental Folio Series. Working Paper 1. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Wilcox, S.A. 1994. The Local Economies of the Long Point Area, Long Point Environmental Folio Series. (Nelson, J.G. and Lawrence, P.L. eds). Working Paper 5. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Wilcox, S.A. 1995. Bird and Nature Conservation Planning: A Financial and Human Ecological Approach. M.A. Thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Yeung, C.L. 1993. Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover Change of the Long Point Region from 1974 to 1984 Using Landsat MSS Images Long Point Environmental Folio Series. (Nelson, J.G. and Lawrence, P.L. eds). Technical Note 1. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Appendix 5

Common and Scientific Name of Species Identified in this Report

Common Name Scientific name
FISH
Black Crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Brown Bullhead Ictalurus nebulosus
Channel Catfish I. punctatus
Yellow Perch Perca flavescens
Walleye Stizostedion vitreum
Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides
Smallmouth Bass M. dolomieui
Northern Pike Esox lucius
Bowfin Amia calva
Sheepshad Aplodinotus grunniens
Carp Cyprinus carpio
Rock Bass Ambloplites rupestris
Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus
Bluegill L. macrochirus
American Eel Anguilla rostrata
White Perch Aplodimotus grunniens
Quillback Carpiodes cyprinus
White Sucker Catostomus commersoni

Common Name Scientific name
BIRDS
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
Green-winged Teal Anas crecca
American Wigeon Anas americana
American Black duck Anas rubripes
Ring-necked Duck Athya collaris
Canvasback Athya alisneria
Redhead Duck Athya americana
Gadwall Anas strepera
Lesser Scaup Athya affinis
Northern Pintail Anas acuta

Common Name Scientific name
MAMMALS
Muskrats Ondatra zibethicus
Mink Mustela vison
Raccoon Procyon lotor